Urogenital Schistosomiasis Transmission and Human Water Contact Activities in Owena Reservoir/Dam, Ondo East Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria

Bayo Joshua Peletu; Ifeanyi Emmanuel Ofoezie; Aloysius Obinna Ikwuka

doi:doi:10.11648/j.wjph.20230802.17

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Urogenital Schistosomiasis Transmission and Human Water Contact Activities in Owena Reservoir/Dam, Ondo East Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria

Bayo Joshua Peletu, Ifeanyi Emmanuel Ofoezie, Aloysius Obinna Ikwuka

Published in World Journal of Public Health (Volume 8, Issue 2)

Received: 22 March 2023 Accepted: 7 April 2023 Published: 20 April 2023

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Abstract

Background: This study on urogenital schistosomiasis transmission and the roles played by human water contact activities was carried out in selected three communities viz Owena, Kajola and Baiken, bordering Owena Reservoir/Dam in Ondo East Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria for a period of twenty four months. Objective: To ascertain the effects of human water contact activities on urogenital schistosomiasis transmission. Materials and Methods: Each site was observed for water contact activities once every month for twenty-four months. Observation was made at each site in February (dry season), May (early rainy season), August (rainy season) and November (early dry season). During this period, records were taken about individuals entering and leaving the water. Various types of human water contact activities were grouped on the basis of general purpose of contact. With regards to degree of body exposure and mean duration of contacts; using canoe, fetching water, washing household utensils, sorting fish and washing exposed limbs, all involved exposure of only parts of the lower limbs (foot and leg) and or the upper limbs (hand and forearm) for a brief period of time grouped as partial contact activities. Water contact activities consist of washing clothes and fish nets, processing food products (such as cassava and palm oil) may involve exposure of most parts of the lower and/or the upper limbs for a longer period. Swimming and bathing commonly involve total exposure for a very long time and were designated as complete contacts. Results: General pattern of human water contact activities in the study revealed 34,686 (61.6%) domestic, 15,897 (28.2%) economic, 5,732 (10.2%) recreational and 15 (0.03%) religious activities. Frequency of these activities varied significantly (p<0.05) among stations and seasons but comparable from one year to the other. School children (5-19 years age group) spent more time on exposure than adults who spent more time on partial and limited exposure. As a result, the exposure index was significantly (p<0.001) age dependent and followed the same pattern as duration of contact. Site containing most infected Bulinus globosus snails was site 4 (KAJ 1) at Kajola community with snail infection rate of 9.2% and the same site 4 (KAJ 1) had the highest relative index of exposure (15,063.80) as well as level of total duration (14,215) of contact in minutes. Conclusion: Site 4 (KAJ 1) at Kajola community was the transmission site in Owena Reservoir/Dam, Ondo East Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria.

Published in	World Journal of Public Health (Volume 8, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.wjph.20230802.17
Page(s)	88-96
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Urogenital Schistosomiasis, Bulinus globosus, Human Water Contact, Snail Infection, Owena Reservoir/Dam, Nigeria

References

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APA Style

Bayo Joshua Peletu, Ifeanyi Emmanuel Ofoezie, Aloysius Obinna Ikwuka. (2023). Urogenital Schistosomiasis Transmission and Human Water Contact Activities in Owena Reservoir/Dam, Ondo East Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria. World Journal of Public Health, 8(2), 88-96. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjph.20230802.17

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ACS Style

Bayo Joshua Peletu; Ifeanyi Emmanuel Ofoezie; Aloysius Obinna Ikwuka. Urogenital Schistosomiasis Transmission and Human Water Contact Activities in Owena Reservoir/Dam, Ondo East Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria. World J. Public Health 2023, 8(2), 88-96. doi: 10.11648/j.wjph.20230802.17

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AMA Style

Bayo Joshua Peletu, Ifeanyi Emmanuel Ofoezie, Aloysius Obinna Ikwuka. Urogenital Schistosomiasis Transmission and Human Water Contact Activities in Owena Reservoir/Dam, Ondo East Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria. World J Public Health. 2023;8(2):88-96. doi: 10.11648/j.wjph.20230802.17

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@article{10.11648/j.wjph.20230802.17,
  author = {Bayo Joshua Peletu and Ifeanyi Emmanuel Ofoezie and Aloysius Obinna Ikwuka},
  title = {Urogenital Schistosomiasis Transmission and Human Water Contact Activities in Owena Reservoir/Dam, Ondo East Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria},
  journal = {World Journal of Public Health},
  volume = {8},
  number = {2},
  pages = {88-96},
  doi = {10.11648/j.wjph.20230802.17},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjph.20230802.17},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wjph.20230802.17},
  abstract = {Background: This study on urogenital schistosomiasis transmission and the roles played by human water contact activities was carried out in selected three communities viz Owena, Kajola and Baiken, bordering Owena Reservoir/Dam in Ondo East Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria for a period of twenty four months. Objective: To ascertain the effects of human water contact activities on urogenital schistosomiasis transmission. Materials and Methods: Each site was observed for water contact activities once every month for twenty-four months. Observation was made at each site in February (dry season), May (early rainy season), August (rainy season) and November (early dry season). During this period, records were taken about individuals entering and leaving the water. Various types of human water contact activities were grouped on the basis of general purpose of contact. With regards to degree of body exposure and mean duration of contacts; using canoe, fetching water, washing household utensils, sorting fish and washing exposed limbs, all involved exposure of only parts of the lower limbs (foot and leg) and or the upper limbs (hand and forearm) for a brief period of time grouped as partial contact activities. Water contact activities consist of washing clothes and fish nets, processing food products (such as cassava and palm oil) may involve exposure of most parts of the lower and/or the upper limbs for a longer period. Swimming and bathing commonly involve total exposure for a very long time and were designated as complete contacts. Results: General pattern of human water contact activities in the study revealed 34,686 (61.6%) domestic, 15,897 (28.2%) economic, 5,732 (10.2%) recreational and 15 (0.03%) religious activities. Frequency of these activities varied significantly (pBulinus globosus snails was site 4 (KAJ 1) at Kajola community with snail infection rate of 9.2% and the same site 4 (KAJ 1) had the highest relative index of exposure (15,063.80) as well as level of total duration (14,215) of contact in minutes. Conclusion: Site 4 (KAJ 1) at Kajola community was the transmission site in Owena Reservoir/Dam, Ondo East Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria.},
 year = {2023}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Urogenital Schistosomiasis Transmission and Human Water Contact Activities in Owena Reservoir/Dam, Ondo East Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria
AU  - Bayo Joshua Peletu
AU  - Ifeanyi Emmanuel Ofoezie
AU  - Aloysius Obinna Ikwuka
Y1  - 2023/04/20
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjph.20230802.17
DO  - 10.11648/j.wjph.20230802.17
T2  - World Journal of Public Health
JF  - World Journal of Public Health
JO  - World Journal of Public Health
SP  - 88
EP  - 96
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2637-6059
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjph.20230802.17
AB  - Background: This study on urogenital schistosomiasis transmission and the roles played by human water contact activities was carried out in selected three communities viz Owena, Kajola and Baiken, bordering Owena Reservoir/Dam in Ondo East Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria for a period of twenty four months. Objective: To ascertain the effects of human water contact activities on urogenital schistosomiasis transmission. Materials and Methods: Each site was observed for water contact activities once every month for twenty-four months. Observation was made at each site in February (dry season), May (early rainy season), August (rainy season) and November (early dry season). During this period, records were taken about individuals entering and leaving the water. Various types of human water contact activities were grouped on the basis of general purpose of contact. With regards to degree of body exposure and mean duration of contacts; using canoe, fetching water, washing household utensils, sorting fish and washing exposed limbs, all involved exposure of only parts of the lower limbs (foot and leg) and or the upper limbs (hand and forearm) for a brief period of time grouped as partial contact activities. Water contact activities consist of washing clothes and fish nets, processing food products (such as cassava and palm oil) may involve exposure of most parts of the lower and/or the upper limbs for a longer period. Swimming and bathing commonly involve total exposure for a very long time and were designated as complete contacts. Results: General pattern of human water contact activities in the study revealed 34,686 (61.6%) domestic, 15,897 (28.2%) economic, 5,732 (10.2%) recreational and 15 (0.03%) religious activities. Frequency of these activities varied significantly (pBulinus globosus snails was site 4 (KAJ 1) at Kajola community with snail infection rate of 9.2% and the same site 4 (KAJ 1) had the highest relative index of exposure (15,063.80) as well as level of total duration (14,215) of contact in minutes. Conclusion: Site 4 (KAJ 1) at Kajola community was the transmission site in Owena Reservoir/Dam, Ondo East Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria.
VL  - 8
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Author Information

Bayo Joshua Peletu

Department of Allied Health & Biological Sciences, College of Health Sciences (CHS), Legacy University, Banjul, The Gambia
Ifeanyi Emmanuel Ofoezie

Institute of Ecology & Environmental Studies, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Aloysius Obinna Ikwuka

Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences (CHS), Legacy University, Banjul, The Gambia

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APA Style

Bayo Joshua Peletu, Ifeanyi Emmanuel Ofoezie, Aloysius Obinna Ikwuka. (2023). Urogenital Schistosomiasis Transmission and Human Water Contact Activities in Owena Reservoir/Dam, Ondo East Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria. World Journal of Public Health, 8(2), 88-96. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjph.20230802.17

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ACS Style

Bayo Joshua Peletu; Ifeanyi Emmanuel Ofoezie; Aloysius Obinna Ikwuka. Urogenital Schistosomiasis Transmission and Human Water Contact Activities in Owena Reservoir/Dam, Ondo East Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria. World J. Public Health 2023, 8(2), 88-96. doi: 10.11648/j.wjph.20230802.17

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AMA Style

Bayo Joshua Peletu, Ifeanyi Emmanuel Ofoezie, Aloysius Obinna Ikwuka. Urogenital Schistosomiasis Transmission and Human Water Contact Activities in Owena Reservoir/Dam, Ondo East Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria. World J Public Health. 2023;8(2):88-96. doi: 10.11648/j.wjph.20230802.17

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@article{10.11648/j.wjph.20230802.17,
  author = {Bayo Joshua Peletu and Ifeanyi Emmanuel Ofoezie and Aloysius Obinna Ikwuka},
  title = {Urogenital Schistosomiasis Transmission and Human Water Contact Activities in Owena Reservoir/Dam, Ondo East Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria},
  journal = {World Journal of Public Health},
  volume = {8},
  number = {2},
  pages = {88-96},
  doi = {10.11648/j.wjph.20230802.17},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjph.20230802.17},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wjph.20230802.17},
  abstract = {Background: This study on urogenital schistosomiasis transmission and the roles played by human water contact activities was carried out in selected three communities viz Owena, Kajola and Baiken, bordering Owena Reservoir/Dam in Ondo East Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria for a period of twenty four months. Objective: To ascertain the effects of human water contact activities on urogenital schistosomiasis transmission. Materials and Methods: Each site was observed for water contact activities once every month for twenty-four months. Observation was made at each site in February (dry season), May (early rainy season), August (rainy season) and November (early dry season). During this period, records were taken about individuals entering and leaving the water. Various types of human water contact activities were grouped on the basis of general purpose of contact. With regards to degree of body exposure and mean duration of contacts; using canoe, fetching water, washing household utensils, sorting fish and washing exposed limbs, all involved exposure of only parts of the lower limbs (foot and leg) and or the upper limbs (hand and forearm) for a brief period of time grouped as partial contact activities. Water contact activities consist of washing clothes and fish nets, processing food products (such as cassava and palm oil) may involve exposure of most parts of the lower and/or the upper limbs for a longer period. Swimming and bathing commonly involve total exposure for a very long time and were designated as complete contacts. Results: General pattern of human water contact activities in the study revealed 34,686 (61.6%) domestic, 15,897 (28.2%) economic, 5,732 (10.2%) recreational and 15 (0.03%) religious activities. Frequency of these activities varied significantly (pBulinus globosus snails was site 4 (KAJ 1) at Kajola community with snail infection rate of 9.2% and the same site 4 (KAJ 1) had the highest relative index of exposure (15,063.80) as well as level of total duration (14,215) of contact in minutes. Conclusion: Site 4 (KAJ 1) at Kajola community was the transmission site in Owena Reservoir/Dam, Ondo East Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria.},
 year = {2023}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Urogenital Schistosomiasis Transmission and Human Water Contact Activities in Owena Reservoir/Dam, Ondo East Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria
AU  - Bayo Joshua Peletu
AU  - Ifeanyi Emmanuel Ofoezie
AU  - Aloysius Obinna Ikwuka
Y1  - 2023/04/20
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjph.20230802.17
DO  - 10.11648/j.wjph.20230802.17
T2  - World Journal of Public Health
JF  - World Journal of Public Health
JO  - World Journal of Public Health
SP  - 88
EP  - 96
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2637-6059
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjph.20230802.17
AB  - Background: This study on urogenital schistosomiasis transmission and the roles played by human water contact activities was carried out in selected three communities viz Owena, Kajola and Baiken, bordering Owena Reservoir/Dam in Ondo East Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria for a period of twenty four months. Objective: To ascertain the effects of human water contact activities on urogenital schistosomiasis transmission. Materials and Methods: Each site was observed for water contact activities once every month for twenty-four months. Observation was made at each site in February (dry season), May (early rainy season), August (rainy season) and November (early dry season). During this period, records were taken about individuals entering and leaving the water. Various types of human water contact activities were grouped on the basis of general purpose of contact. With regards to degree of body exposure and mean duration of contacts; using canoe, fetching water, washing household utensils, sorting fish and washing exposed limbs, all involved exposure of only parts of the lower limbs (foot and leg) and or the upper limbs (hand and forearm) for a brief period of time grouped as partial contact activities. Water contact activities consist of washing clothes and fish nets, processing food products (such as cassava and palm oil) may involve exposure of most parts of the lower and/or the upper limbs for a longer period. Swimming and bathing commonly involve total exposure for a very long time and were designated as complete contacts. Results: General pattern of human water contact activities in the study revealed 34,686 (61.6%) domestic, 15,897 (28.2%) economic, 5,732 (10.2%) recreational and 15 (0.03%) religious activities. Frequency of these activities varied significantly (pBulinus globosus snails was site 4 (KAJ 1) at Kajola community with snail infection rate of 9.2% and the same site 4 (KAJ 1) had the highest relative index of exposure (15,063.80) as well as level of total duration (14,215) of contact in minutes. Conclusion: Site 4 (KAJ 1) at Kajola community was the transmission site in Owena Reservoir/Dam, Ondo East Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria.
VL  - 8
IS  - 2
ER  -

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